Herkes kendi varislerini se\u00e7ebilir. Ancak, bir ki\u015fi vasiyetname veya miras s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi b\u0131rakmadan \u00f6l\u00fcrse, miras s\u0131ras\u0131n\u0131 kanun belirler. Bu durum Almanya’da s\u0131kl\u0131kla g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor: A\u011fustos 2022’de yap\u0131lan bir YouGov anketine g\u00f6re, Almanlar\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 66’s\u0131n\u0131n vasiyeti yok. \u00d6l\u00fcmlerin yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7te ikisinde, miras\u0131n kime kalaca\u011f\u0131 yasal miras d\u00fczenlemesine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Miras hukuku s\u0131ralamas\u0131na g\u00f6re ailenizde kimin miras\u00e7\u0131 oldu\u011funu nas\u0131l \u00f6\u011frenebilece\u011finizi a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n\n
Miras\u0131n da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 akrabal\u0131k derecesine g\u00f6re belirlenir: \u00d6nce \u00e7ocuklar ve torunlar miras al\u0131r, ard\u0131ndan karde\u015fler veya ye\u011fenler gibi daha uzak akrabalar gelir. Yak\u0131n akrabalar, daha uzak akrabalar\u0131 mirastan d\u0131\u015flarlar; yani, \u00f6len ki\u015finin \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 varsa, karde\u015fler hi\u00e7bir \u015fey miras almazlar.<\/p>\n\n
E\u015fler her zaman akrabalarla birlikte mirasa ortak olurlar. Mirastaki paylar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, miras\u0131n di\u011fer \u00fcyelerine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, e\u015f, birinci dereceden miras\u00e7\u0131larla birlikte miras\u0131n d\u00f6rtte birini devral\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n
1. Birinci s\u0131ra: \u00c7ocuklar ve torunlar <\/p>\n\n
2. S\u0131ralama: Anne, baba, karde\u015fler, ye\u011fenler ve ye\u011fen \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 <\/p>\n\n
3. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc derece: b\u00fcy\u00fckanne ve b\u00fcy\u00fckbabalar, amcalar, teyzeler, kuzenler. <\/p>\n\n
\u00d6nceki soydan gelen akrabalar, sonraki soydan gelen akrabalar\u0131 mirastan d\u0131\u015flar (\u00a7 1930 BGB). Avukat Istv\u00e1n Cocron, Cocron hukuk firmas\u0131ndan yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamada, bunun \u015fu anlama geldi\u011fini belirtiyor: E\u011fer vasiyet\u00e7inin \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 varsa, ne anne babas\u0131 ne de karde\u015fleri ikinci dereceden miras\u00e7\u0131 olarak hak sahibi olamazlar. Ancak, vasiyet\u00e7inin \u00e7ocu\u011fu yoksa, birinci dereceden miras\u00e7\u0131 da olmaz ve vasiyet\u00e7inin anne ve babas\u0131 ikinci dereceden yasal miras\u00e7\u0131 olarak mirasa hak kazan\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n\n
Miras hukukunda, temsil ilkesi olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan ilke ge\u00e7erlidir. Bunu bir \u00f6rnekle a\u00e7\u0131klayabiliriz: B\u00fcy\u00fckbaba \u00f6l\u00fcrse, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 birinci dereceden miras\u00e7\u0131 olarak miras\u0131 devral\u0131r ve b\u00f6ylece kendi soyundan gelenleri, yani torunlar\u0131n\u0131 temsil ederler; torunlar ise do\u011frudan hi\u00e7bir \u015fey almazlar. Erkek veya k\u0131z karde\u015f hayatta oldu\u011fu s\u00fcrece, ye\u011fenler miras\u00e7\u0131 olamazlar. \u00d6te yandan, \u00e7ocuklar \u00f6len ebeveynin yerini al\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n\n
Akrabalar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, \u00f6len ki\u015finin hayatta kalan e\u015fi de miras\u00e7\u0131 olur. E\u015fler aras\u0131ndaki bu miras hakk\u0131, akrabalar\u0131n miras hakk\u0131n\u0131 azalt\u0131r (\u00a7 1931 BGB). E\u015fin mirastan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 pay, di\u011fer miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n miras paylar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkiler. <\/p>\n\n
Miras\u0131n d\u00f6rtte birini, birinci dereceden akrabalar varsa hayatta kalan e\u015fe; yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ise ikinci dereceden akrabalar veya b\u00fcy\u00fckanne ve b\u00fcy\u00fckbabalar varsa al\u0131r. E\u011fer e\u015fler, birikmi\u015f kazan\u00e7lar\u0131n ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 esas\u0131na dayal\u0131 mal rejimi alt\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015flarsa (\u00a7\u00a7 1931 para. 3, 1371 BGB), \u00f6zellikle evlilik s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi yoksa, e\u015fin pay\u0131 genellikle yar\u0131ya y\u00fckselir.<\/p>\n\n
Birinci dereceden miras\u00e7\u0131lar, \u00f6len ki\u015finin soyundan gelenlerdir. \u00d6l\u00fcm an\u0131nda, hayatta kalan \u00e7ocuk, hayatta kalan e\u015fle birlikte mirastan pay al\u0131r. E\u011fer birden fazla \u00e7ocuk varsa, miras \u00e7ocuklar ve e\u015f aras\u0131nda payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Bu ilk d\u00fczende, b\u00f6l\u00fcnme kabilelere do\u011fru ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir ve her \u00e7ocuk ve onun soyundan gelenler kendi kabilesini olu\u015fturur. Vasiyet\u00e7inin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden \u00f6nce \u00e7ocuklar \u00f6l\u00fcrse, miras hakk\u0131 onlar\u0131n \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na ge\u00e7er. 1 Temmuz 1949’dan sonra evlilik d\u0131\u015f\u0131 do\u011fan \u00e7ocuklar, evlilik i\u00e7inde do\u011fan \u00e7ocuklarla ayn\u0131 miras haklar\u0131na sahiptir.<\/p>\n\n
E\u011fer birinci dereceden miras\u00e7\u0131 yoksa, ki bu durum \u00e7ocuksuz vasiyet\u00e7ilerde s\u00f6z konusudur, ikinci dereceden miras\u00e7\u0131lar devreye girer. Bunlar, vefat edenin anne ve babas\u0131 ile onlar\u0131n \u00e7ocuklar\u0131, yani vefat edenin karde\u015fleridir. \u0130kinci dereceden miras\u00e7\u0131l\u0131kta, miras soy hatlar\u0131na g\u00f6re b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcr: anne ve baba ile onlar\u0131n \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 e\u015fit pay al\u0131rlar. Ebeveynlerden yaln\u0131zca biri hayatta ise, karde\u015fler onun yerine miras\u00e7\u0131 olurlar.<\/p>\n\n
\u00d6len ki\u015finin geride \u00e7ocuk veya birinci ya da ikinci dereceden akraba b\u0131rakmamas\u0131 durumunda, miras daha uzak akrabalara ge\u00e7er. Buna b\u00fcy\u00fckanne ve b\u00fcy\u00fckbabalar ile onlar\u0131n soyundan gelenler, \u00f6rne\u011fin amcalar ve teyzeler de dahildir.<\/p>\n\n
Evlat edinilen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ocuklar yasal olarak \u00f6z \u00e7ocuklar gibi muamele g\u00f6r\u00fcr ve birinci dereceden miras\u00e7\u0131d\u0131rlar (\u00a7 1754 BGB). Evlat edinme, biyolojik ebeveynlerle olan yasal ili\u015fkiyi ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla onlar\u0131n miras hakk\u0131n\u0131 sona erdirir. Yeti\u015fkin evlat edinilenler, biyolojik ebeveynleriyle yasal ili\u015fkilerini korurlar ve en fazla d\u00f6rt miras pay\u0131 alabilirler.<\/p>\n\n
Miras\u00e7\u0131 yoksa veya t\u00fcm miras\u00e7\u0131lar miras\u0131 reddederse, miras devlete, \u00f6zellikle de \u00f6len ki\u015finin son ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 federal eyalete ge\u00e7er. Ancak devletin miras bor\u00e7lar\u0131na ili\u015fkin sorumlulu\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r (\u00a7 1936 BGB).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Herkes kendi varislerini se\u00e7ebilir. Ancak, bir ki\u015fi vasiyetname veya miras s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi b\u0131rakmadan \u00f6l\u00fcrse, miras s\u0131ras\u0131n\u0131 kanun belirler. Bu durum Almanya’da s\u0131kl\u0131kla g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor: A\u011fustos 2022’de yap\u0131lan bir YouGov anketine g\u00f6re, Almanlar\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 66’s\u0131n\u0131n vasiyeti yok. \u00d6l\u00fcmlerin yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7te ikisinde, miras\u0131n kime kalaca\u011f\u0131 yasal miras d\u00fczenlemesine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Miras hukuku s\u0131ralamas\u0131na g\u00f6re ailenizde kimin miras\u00e7\u0131 oldu\u011funu nas\u0131l […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"template":"","news-kategorie":[64],"class_list":["post-4530","news","type-news","status-publish","hentry","news-kategorie-miras-hukuku"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ra-cocron.de\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/news\/4530","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ra-cocron.de\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/news"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ra-cocron.de\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/news"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ra-cocron.de\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4530"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"news-kategorie","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ra-cocron.de\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/news-kategorie?post=4530"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}